The detent cable will all be one piece. If you have a piece of plastic bolted to the detent hole now it is likely someone just cut the end of a detent cable off, filled it with RTV, and plugged it. The new cable will replace all of that.
Assuming they left the linkage from the valve body, you may not have to remove the pan. Remove the hold down bolt and the piece they've plugged the hole with and see if this linkage is sticking out:
If it is, then you just need a new cable and the detent bracket at the carb to hook the cable to the throttle.
The vacuum to the vacuum modulator goes to the carb. Anything above the base of the carb is throttle controlled vacuum, anything below the base is vacuum all the time (manifold vacuum).
For the modulator, I may be wrong (as it has been a long time), but I believe you hook it to manifold vacuum. <<Corrected
Looking for help here, it's been a long time since I worked with the TH350. Rebuilt a bunch when I was racing, but that's been years ago.
If you are missing the linkage from the valve body to the cable, I can probably drop some in the mail. I have two or three large containers of TH350 parts.